| Part | Articles | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| Part 1 | 1–4 | Union & its Territory |
| Part 2 | 5–11 | Citizenship |
| Part 3 | 12–35 | Fundamental Rights ⭐ |
| Part 4 | 36–51 | Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) |
| Part 4A | 51A | Fundamental Duties |
| Part 5 | 52–151 | The Union |
| Part 6 | 152–237 | The States |
| Part 7 | 238 | Repealed |
| Part 8 | 239–242 | Union Territories |
| Part 9 | 243–243(O) | Panchayats |
| Part 9A | 243(P)–243(ZG) | Municipalities |
| Part 9B | 243(ZH)–243(ZT) | Cooperative Societies |
| Part 10 | 244–244(A) | Scheduled & Tribal Areas |
| Part 11 | 245–263 | Centre-State Relations |
| Part 12 | 264–300(A) | Finance, Property, Contracts & Suits |
| Part 13 | 301–307 | Trade & Commerce |
| Part 14 | 308–323 | Services under Union & States |
| Part 14A | 323A–323B | Tribunals |
| Part 15 | 324–329(A) | Elections |
| Part 16 | 330–342(A) | Special Provisions for Certain Classes |
| Part 17 | 343–351 | Scheduled Language |
| Part 18 | 352–360 | Emergency Provisions ⭐ |
| Part 19 | 361–367 | Miscellaneous |
| Part 20 | 368 | Amendment of the Constitution |
| Part 21 | 369–392 | Temporary, Transitional & Special Provisions |
| Part 22 | 393–395 | Short Title, Commencement, Hindi text & Repeals |
| # | Schedule | Amendment Added | Key Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Union & State Territories | — | 28 States, 8 UTs |
| 2nd | Salaries & Allowances | — | President, Governors, presiding officers, judges and CAG |
| 3rd | Oaths & Affirmations | — | Ministers, MPs, MLAs, Judges, CAG |
| 4th | Rajya Sabha Seats Allocation | — | State-wise RS seats |
| 5th | Scheduled Areas & Tribes | — | Administration of Scheduled Areas |
| 6th | Other Tribal Areas | — | Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura & Mizoram |
| 7th | Union-State Relations | — | 3 Lists: Union, State, Concurrent |
| 8th | Scheduled Languages | — | Originally 14, Now 22 languages |
| 9th | Land Reforms | 1st Amendment (1951) | Insertions after 24 April 1973 are reviewable for damage to basic structure |
| 10th | Anti-Defection | 52nd Amendment (1985) | Anti-defection provisions |
| 11th | Panchayat Subjects | 73rd Amendment (1992) | 29 subjects of Panchayats |
| 12th | Municipality Subjects | 74th Amendment (1992) | 18 subjects of Municipalities |
| Amendment | Year | Languages Added |
|---|---|---|
| 21st Amendment | 1967 | Sindhi |
| 71st Amendment | 1992 | Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali |
| 92nd Amendment | 2003 | Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali |
Use this mnemonic to remember the twelve Schedules:
T · E · A · R · S · O · F · O · L · D · P · M
The original Constitution contained eight Schedules. It now contains twelve; the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules were added later.
Fundamental Rights were influenced by the United States Constitution, while Fundamental Duties were drawn from the former Soviet Constitution. Do not confuse the sources.
The Directive Principles were borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937, not from the United Kingdom or the United States.
Residuary powers, covering matters absent from all three Lists, belong to the Union in India. This arrangement was borrowed from Canada; in the United States, such powers belong to the States.
The Eighth Schedule originally listed 14 languages and now lists 22. Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali were added by the 92nd Amendment of 2003.
Ninth Schedule insertions made after 24 April 1973 can be judicially reviewed for damage to the Constitution’s basic structure. Inclusion does not provide absolute immunity.
The constitutional amendment procedure was borrowed from South Africa, not Germany. Germany was the source of the emergency provisions; these two sources are often confused.