Industrial History · Policies · Ratna Status · IIP · EPZ/SEZ · Schemes — SSC / Railway / UPSC / BPSC
Industrial share in GDP was just 13% in 1950–51. Modernisation of the economy and increase in employment come via the industrial sector.
| Sector | Description |
|---|---|
| Public Sector | Managed, controlled, operated by the government |
| Joint Sector | Government + Private partnership |
| Private Sector | Ownership, control, management by a firm/individual/company |
| Cooperative Sector | Member-owned, democratically controlled enterprises serving members' common economic interests |
Dutt Committee reviewed industrial licensing; its recommendations informed the Industrial Licensing Policy announced in February 1970.
One of India's oldest and most employment-intensive manufacturing industries.
| Nickname | City |
|---|---|
| Cottonopolis of India | Mumbai |
| Manchester of India | Ahmedabad |
| North India's Manchester | Kanpur |
| South India's Manchester | Coimbatore |
International Jute Organisation: established 1984, HQ Dhaka; later succeeded by International Jute Study Group.
Four principal commercial natural-silk varieties: Mulberry, Tasar, Eri and Muga; oak tasar is a form of tasar.
Industries divided into 3 categories: Government sector (17), Government + Private (12), Private.
Reform licensing and restrain concentration in large industrial houses; DICs were launched separately in 1978 following the 1977 policy.
Modernisation, technology upgradation, ancillarisation/nucleus plants, capacity utilisation and balanced regional development.
New Public Sector Enterprise Policy 2021 strategic groups: Atomic Energy/Space/Defence; Transport/Telecom; Power/Petroleum/Coal/other minerals; Banking/Insurance/Financial Services.
IOC, ONGC, CIL, SAIL, NTPC, BHEL, BPCL, PGCIL, PFC, RECL, OIL, GAIL, HPCL, HAL
| Category-I Miniratna | Category-II Miniratna |
|---|---|
| Profit in each of last 3 years; pre-tax profit ≥₹30 crore in one year; positive net worth and other conditions; capex autonomy up to ₹500 crore or net worth, whichever lower | Profit in each of last 3 years; positive net worth and other conditions; capex autonomy up to ₹250 crore or 50% of net worth, whichever lower |
| Current: 49 (March 2025) | Current: 10 (March 2025) |
| Sector | Weightage |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 76.062% |
| Mining | 11.053% |
| Electricity and Gas Supply | 10.865% |
| Water Supply, Sewerage and Waste Management | 2.020% |
| Core Industry | Weightage |
|---|---|
| Refinery products | — |
| Iron Ore (added July 2026) | — |
| Electricity | 30.932% |
| Steel | 17.584% |
| Crude oil | 7.430% |
| Coal | 5.596% |
| Natural gas | 3.841% |
| Cement | 4.410% |
| Fertilisers | 2.731% |
Objective: To provide a suitable environment for the export of goods from the country.
| Public Sector Company | Sold to Private Sector Company |
|---|---|
| Modern Food Industries | Hindustan Lever Limited |
| BALCO | Sterlite Industries |
| Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited | Panatone Finvest Limited (Tata Group) |
| Enterprise | Investment (before April 2025) | Current Investment Ceiling (from 1 April 2025) | Turnover Ceiling (old/current) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Micro Enterprise | ₹1 crore | ₹2.5 crore | ₹5 crore / ₹10 crore |
| Small Enterprise | ₹10 crore | ₹25 crore | ₹50 crore / ₹100 crore |
| Medium Enterprise | ₹50 crore | ₹125 crore | ₹250 crore / ₹500 crore |
| Institution | Established |
|---|---|
| Cottage Industries Board | 1948 |
| Central Silk Board | 1949 (Act: 1948) |
| All India Handicrafts Board | 1952; disbanded 2020 |
| All India Khadi and Village Board | 1953 |
| Small Scale Industries Development Organisation | 1954 |
| Khadi and Village Industries Commission | 1957 |
| Regional Rural Banks | 1975 |
| District Industries Centre | 1978 |
| SIDBI | 1990 |
| All India Handloom Board | 1952; disbanded 2020 |
| Center | Industry |
|---|---|
| Kanchipuram | Silk |
| Salem | Textiles |
| Sivakasi | Match Box |
| Ambala | Scientific Instruments |
| Jamnagar | Dyes, Petrochemicals |
| Rajkot | Engine Pump |
| Vapi (Ankleshwar) | Chemistry |
| Bareilly | Zari |
| Bhagalpur | Knitting |
| Tiruppur | Hosiery and Knitting |
| Moradabad | Brass Handicrafts, Metallurgy |
| Saharanpur | Wood Carving |
| Ludhiana | Heavy Machinery and Hosiery |
| Surat | Gems and Jewellery |
| Goa | Tourism, mining/mineral-based activity, pharmaceuticals and food processing |
| Panipat | Handloom |
| Bhopal | Historical Union Carbide pesticide-plant association and 1984 disaster, not a general current cluster label |
| Alleppey | Coconut Fibre and Products |
| Jalandhar | Sports Goods |
| Mon (Nagaland) | Wood Products |
| Nalbari | Bamboo Products |
| Pinjore | Machine Tools |
| Nagpur | Handloom |
| Visakhapatnam | Fish Products |
| Meerut | Sports Goods |
| Aligarh | Brass Locks |
| Agra | Leather, Footwear |
| Khurja | Pottery |
To expedite infrastructure projects.
Objective: To increase productivity in industries.
| Scheme | Started | Objective |
|---|---|---|
| Make in India | 25 September 2014 | Promote investment and manufacturing in India |
| Start Up India | January 2016 | Nurture innovation and startups ecosystem |
| Stand Up India Scheme | April 2016 | Bank loans for greenfield enterprises promoted by SC/ST and women entrepreneurs |
| Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana | 8 April 2015 | Collateral-free institutional credit for non-corporate, non-farm micro/small enterprises through eligible lenders |
| SAATHI Scheme | October 2017 | Adopt modern, efficient textile technology in small industries |
| Power Tex India Scheme | April 2017 | Development of the powerloom sector |
| Topic | Key Fact |
|---|---|
| Industrial Growth Rate | 5.9% (2024–25) |
| Secondary Sector nominal GVA Share | 25.8% in FY 2024–25 (2022–23-base series) |
| First Industrial Revolution | England |
| Dutt Committee | Reviewed licensing; recommendations informed February 1970 licensing policy |
| TISCO | 1907 | Jamshedpur, Jharkhand | Tata Iron and Steel Company |
| First Second-Plan PSU Steel Plant to Enter Production | Rourkela Steel Plant, 1959 (Odisha) |
| NALCO | 1981 | Bhubaneswar (Odisha) | Country's largest Bauxite-Aluminium project |
| BALCO | 1965; first public-sector aluminium company; major operations Korba, Chhattisgarh |
| Textiles — India's oldest industry | One of the oldest and most employment-intensive manufacturing industries |
| Early Modern Cotton-Mill Attempt | Kolkata (1818) |
| India's Cottonopolis | Mumbai |
| Manchester of India | Ahmedabad |
| Most Cotton Mills State | Tamil Nadu |
| North India's Manchester | Kanpur |
| South India's Manchester | Coimbatore |
| Jute — India's position | Largest jute-goods producer; Bangladesh a major competing exporter; first Indian mill: Rishra, 1855 |
| Largest Jute Producer State | West Bengal |
| Silk — India's position | 2nd largest producer (1st: China) | Largest producer: Karnataka |
| First Industrial Policy | 1948 | Announced 6 April 1948 | 4 categories |
| Industrial Policy 1956 | 3 categories: Govt (17), Govt+Private (12), Private |
| New Industrial Policy LPG | 24 July 1991 | Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation |
| Strategic Groups (New PSE Policy, 2021) | Atomic Energy/Space/Defence; Transport/Telecom; Power/Petroleum/Coal/minerals; Banking/Insurance/Financial Services |
| MRTP Act | 1969 | Replaced by Competition Act, 2002 |
| Navratna — Started | 1997; minimum 60/100 plus eligibility; 27 after GRSE elevation in June 2026 (26 at end-March 2025) |
| Maharatna — Started | 2010 | 14 companies |
| Miniratna Category I | 49 (March 2025) | 3 years continuous profit | ₹30 crore in a year |
| Miniratna Category II | 10 (March 2025) |
| IIP Base Year | 2022–23 = 100; new series June 2026; monthly NSO/MoSPI |
| IIP — Manufacturing Weightage | 76.062% |
| Core Industries | Nine in 2022–23-base ICI; Iron Ore added July 2026 |
| Highest Weightage Core Industry | Electricity (30.932%) |
| Asia's First EPZ | 1965 | Kandla (Gujarat) |
| EPZ to SEZ | 1 April 2000 | SEZ Act: 2005 |
| NIIF | Established 2015; proposed corpus ₹40,000 crore; Government share 49%, balance domestic/international investors |
| NPC | Established 1958 | Increase productivity in industries |
| Make in India | 25 September 2014 | Promote investment and manufacturing |
| Stand Up India | 5 April 2016; greenfield bank loans for SC/ST and women entrepreneurs |
| Start Up India | January 2016 | Nurture innovation and startups |
| PM Mudra Yojana | 8 April 2015 | Collateral-free institutional credit for non-corporate, non-farm micro/small enterprises through eligible lenders |